This body of work began as a nod to Rabelais, a French writer from the 1500s who included bodily topics such as food, sex, defecation, and slapstick violence in his novels. Some literary theorists claim that his grotesque humor came from medieval marketplace carnivals. At these events, an emphasis on the body—in contrast to the mind or soul—restored a sense of kinship among the masses. Similar festivals include Saturnalia, Mardi Gras, Rio’s Carnival, Holi, and Candy Kid Raves.